前言
Java NIO 由以下几个核心部分组成:
1 、Buffer
2、Channel
3、Selector
传统的IO操作面向数据流,意味着每次从流中读一个或多个字节,直至完成,数据没有被缓存在任何地方。
NIO操作面向缓冲区,数据从Channel读取到Buffer缓冲区,随后在Buffer中处理数据。
本文着重介绍Channel和Buffer的概念以及在文件读写方面的应用和内部实现原理。
Buffer
A buffer is a linear, finite sequence of elements of a specific primitive type.
一块缓存区,内部使用字节数组存储数据,并维护几个特殊变量,实现数据的反复利用。
1、mark:初始值为-1,用于备份当前的position;
2、position:初始值为0,position表示当前可以写入或读取数据的位置,当写入或读取一个数据后,position向前移动到下一个位置;
3、limit:写模式下,limit表示最多能往Buffer里写多少数据,等于capacity值;读模式下,limit表示最多可以读取多少数据。
4、capacity:缓存数组大小
mark():把当前的position赋值给mark
public final Buffer mark() { mark = position; return this; }
reset():把mark值还原给position
public final Buffer reset() { int m = mark; if (m < 0) throw new InvalidMarkException(); position = m; return this; }
clear():一旦读完Buffer中的数据,需要让Buffer准备好再次被写入,clear会恢复状态值,但不会擦除数据。
public final Buffer clear() { position = 0; limit = capacity; mark = -1; return this; }
flip():Buffer有两种模式,写模式和读模式,flip后Buffer从写模式变成读模式。
public final Buffer flip() { limit = position; position = 0; mark = -1; return this; }
rewind():重置position为0,从头读写数据。
public final Buffer rewind() { position = 0; mark = -1; return this; }
目前Buffer的实现类有以下几种:
ByteBuffer
CharBuffer
DoubleBuffer
FloatBuffer
IntBuffer
LongBuffer
ShortBuffer
MappedByteBuffer
ByteBuffer
A byte buffer,extend from Buffer
ByteBuffer的实现类包括"HeapByteBuffer"和"DirectByteBuffer"两种。
HeapByteBuffer
public static ByteBuffer allocate(int capacity) { if (capacity < 0) throw new IllegalArgumentException(); return new HeapByteBuffer(capacity, capacity); } HeapByteBuffer(int cap, int lim) { super(-1, 0, lim, cap, new byte[cap], 0); }
HeapByteBuffer通过初始化字节数组hd,在虚拟机堆上申请内存空间。
DirectByteBuffer
public static ByteBuffer allocateDirect(int capacity) { return new DirectByteBuffer(capacity); } DirectByteBuffer(int cap) { super(-1, 0, cap, cap); boolean pa = VM.isDirectMemoryPageAligned(); int ps = Bits.pageSize(); long size = Math.max(1L, (long)cap + (pa ? ps : 0)); Bits.reserveMemory(size, cap); long base = 0; try { base = unsafe.allocateMemory(size); } catch (OutOfMemoryError x) { Bits.unreserveMemory(size, cap); throw x; } unsafe.setMemory(base, size, (byte) 0); if (pa && (base % ps != 0)) { // Round up to page boundary address = base + ps - (base & (ps - 1)); } else { address = base; } cleaner = Cleaner.create(this, new Deallocator(base, size, cap)); att = null; }
DirectByteBuffer通过unsafe.allocateMemory在物理内存中申请地址空间(非jvm堆内存),并在ByteBuffer的address变量中维护指向该内存的地址。 unsafe.setMemory(base, size, (byte) 0)方法把新申请的内存数据清零。
Channel
A channel represents an open connection to an entity such as a hardware device, a file, a network socket, or a program component that is capable of performing one or more distinct I/O operations, for example reading or writing.
NIO把它支持的I/O对象抽象为Channel,Channel又称“通道”,类似于原I/O中的流(Stream),但有所区别:
1、流是单向的,通道是双向的,可读可写。
2、流读写是阻塞的,通道可以异步读写。
3、流中的数据可以选择性的先读到缓存中,通道的数据总是要先读到一个缓存中,或从缓存中写入,如下所示:
目前已知Channel的实现类有:
FileChannel
DatagramChannel
SocketChannel
ServerSocketChannel
FileChannel
A channel for reading, writing, mapping, and manipulating a file. 一个用来写、读、映射和操作文件的通道。
FileChannel的read、write和map通过其实现类FileChannelImpl实现。
read实现
public int read(ByteBuffer dst) throws IOException { ensureOpen(); if (!readable) throw new NonReadableChannelException(); synchronized (positionLock) { int n = 0; int ti = -1; try { begin(); ti = threads.add(); if (!isOpen()) return 0; do { n = IOUtil.read(fd, dst, -1, nd); } while ((n == IOStatus.INTERRUPTED) && isOpen()); return IOStatus.normalize(n); } finally { threads.remove(ti); end(n > 0); assert IOStatus.check(n); } } }
FileChannelImpl的read方法通过IOUtil的read实现:
static int read(FileDescriptor fd, ByteBuffer dst, long position, NativeDispatcher nd) IOException { if (dst.isReadOnly()) throw new IllegalArgumentException("Read-only buffer"); if (dst instanceof DirectBuffer) return readIntoNativeBuffer(fd, dst, position, nd); // Substitute a native buffer ByteBuffer bb = Util.getTemporaryDirectBuffer(dst.remaining()); try { int n = readIntoNativeBuffer(fd, bb, position, nd); bb.flip(); if (n > 0) dst.put(bb); return n; } finally { Util.offerFirstTemporaryDirectBuffer(bb); } }
通过上述实现可以看出,基于channel的文件数据读取步骤如下:
1、申请一块和缓存同大小的DirectByteBuffer bb。
2、读取数据到缓存bb,底层由NativeDispatcher的read实现。
3、把bb的数据读取到dst(用户定义的缓存,在jvm中分配内存)。
read方法导致数据复制了两次。
write实现
public int write(ByteBuffer src) throws IOException { ensureOpen(); if (!writable) throw new NonWritableChannelException(); synchronized (positionLock) { int n = 0; int ti = -1; try { begin(); ti = threads.add(); if (!isOpen()) return 0; do { n = IOUtil.write(fd, src, -1, nd); } while ((n == IOStatus.INTERRUPTED) && isOpen()); return IOStatus.normalize(n); } finally { threads.remove(ti); end(n > 0); assert IOStatus.check(n); } } }
和read实现一样,FileChannelImpl的write方法通过IOUtil的write实现:
static int write(FileDescriptor fd, ByteBuffer src, long position, NativeDispatcher nd) throws IOException { if (src instanceof DirectBuffer) return writeFromNativeBuffer(fd, src, position, nd); // Substitute a native buffer int pos = src.position(); int lim = src.limit(); assert (pos <= lim); int rem = (pos <= lim ? lim - pos : 0); ByteBuffer bb = Util.getTemporaryDirectBuffer(rem); try { bb.put(src); bb.flip(); // Do not update src until we see how many bytes were written src.position(pos); int n = writeFromNativeBuffer(fd, bb, position, nd); if (n > 0) { // now update src src.position(pos + n); } return n; } finally { Util.offerFirstTemporaryDirectBuffer(bb); } }
通过上述实现可以看出,基于channel的文件数据写入步骤如下:
1、申请一块DirectByteBuffer,bb大小为byteBuffer中的limit - position。
2、复制byteBuffer中的数据到bb中。
3、把数据从bb中写入到文件,底层由NativeDispatcher的write实现,具体如下:
private static int writeFromNativeBuffer(FileDescriptor fd, ByteBuffer bb, long position, NativeDispatcher nd) throws IOException { int pos = bb.position(); int lim = bb.limit(); assert (pos <= lim); int rem = (pos <= lim ? lim - pos : 0); int written = 0; if (rem == 0) return 0; if (position != -1) { written = nd.pwrite(fd, ((DirectBuffer)bb).address() + pos, rem, position); } else { written = nd.write(fd, ((DirectBuffer)bb).address() + pos, rem); } if (written > 0) bb.position(pos + written); return written; }
write方法也导致了数据复制了两次
Channel和Buffer示例
File file = new RandomAccessFile("data.txt", "rw"); FileChannel channel = file.getChannel(); ByteBuffer buffer = ByteBuffer.allocate(48); int bytesRead = channel.read(buffer); while (bytesRead != -1) { System.out.println("Read " + bytesRead); buffer.flip(); while(buffer.hasRemaining()){ System.out.print((char) buffer.get()); } buffer.clear(); bytesRead = channel.read(buffer); } file.close();
注意buffer.flip() 的调用,首先将数据写入到buffer,然后变成读模式,再从buffer中读取数据。
总结
通过本文的介绍,希望大家对Channel和Buffer在文件读写方面的应用和内部实现有了一定了解,努力做到不被一叶障目。
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